2024 Osseus structures

Mar 18, 2567 BE ... ... structural strength of bones, and their self-repair mechanisms. By ... Structure Of Bone Tissue - Bone Structure Anatomy - Components Of Bones.. My verizon pay bill online

Bone demineralization (BD) is not the same as osteoporosis. Rather, BD is a process that can make the bones susceptible to osteoporosis. BD is a process in which bones lose minerals that are ...Osseous definition: composed of, containing, or resembling bone; bony.. See examples of OSSEOUS used in a sentence.Feb 16, 2024 · Gross Anatomy of Bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (Figure 5.3.1 5.3. 1 ). A long bone has five zones: the diaphysis, two metaphyses, and two epiphyses. The diaphysis is the narrow, tubular shaft that runs between the two bulbous ends of the bone. A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (Figure 1). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.3 days ago · A diagram of the human skeleton showing bone and cartilage. Protection of the heart, lungs, and other organs and structures in the chest creates a problem somewhat different from that of the central nervous system. These organs, the function of which involves motion, expansion, and contraction, must have a flexible and elastic protective covering. Primary intraosseous hemangiomas are slow-growing vascular tumors, usually located in the medullary cavity 4. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown 4. Most commonly they are located in the vertebrae (of the thoracic spine 5 ), followed by the skull and facial bones, followed by long bones where they preferentially involve the …Bone demineralization (BD) is not the same as osteoporosis. Rather, BD is a process that can make the bones susceptible to osteoporosis. BD is a process in which bones lose minerals that are ...Gross Anatomy of Bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (Figure 24.1). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of …The two different types of osseous tissue are compact bone tissue (also called hard or cortical bone) tissue and spongy bone tissue (also called cancellous or trabecular bone). Figure 14.4.2 14.4. 2: Bones are more complex on the inside than you would expect from their outer appearance.Learn about the structural unit of compact bone (the osteon) and it's four basic parts: central canal, lamellae, lacunae, and canaliculiFor a full list of my...Learn how to update your default permalink structure to generate more organic traffic to your WordPress site. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs are your num...Structured Settlements are one of the most popular ways for people to receive compensation. A large sum of money is split into smaller sums and paid over time. This is usually mone...Bone demineralization (BD) is not the same as osteoporosis. Rather, BD is a process that can make the bones susceptible to osteoporosis. BD is a process in which bones lose minerals that are ...Structural proteins are used to build structural components of the body, such as bones and cartilage. The most common example of a structural protein is collagen which is found in ...Bones contain and protect your bone marrow. Bone marrow is a soft, fatty tissue that produces critical cells, including: Red blood cells (cells that carry oxygen throughout your body). White blood cells (cells that fight infections). Platelets (cells that control bleeding).A diagram of the human skeleton showing bone and cartilage. Protection of the heart, lungs, and other organs and structures in the chest creates a problem somewhat different from that of the central …Dec 21, 2561 BE ... We've got the skin covered, so now let's take a look at bones! These give structure to the body. Bone is a type of tissue, but an actual ...Bones: Structure and Types. Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Because the matrix is mineralized (rather than aqueous), nutrients and waste cannot diffuse …Malignant bone disease. There may be evidence of metastatic bone disease on a chest X-ray. This may manifest as a single bone metastasis, or as a diffuse abnormality representing widespread metastases. Bones may become denser (whiter) due to a sclerotic process (often seen in prostate cancer), or less dense (blacker) due to a lytic process (as ... Gross Anatomy of Bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The foot is a complex structure comprised of over 26 bones, 30 joints, numerous tendons, ligaments, and muscles responsible for our ability to stand upright, supporting the weight of the entire body and provides the base for the mechanism for bipedal gait. The foot corresponds to the portion of the lower extremity distal to the ankle …Bone formation in a developing embryo begins in mesenchyme and occurs through one of two processes: either endochondral or intramembranous osteogenesis (ossification). Intramembranous ossification is characterized by the formation of bone tissue directly from mesenchyme. Flat bones, such as the parietal and occipital bones, are formed using ...The meaning of OSSEOUS is bony. Recent Examples on the Web The duo created a scheme to bill Medicaid for osseous surgeries, a painful procedure dealing with tooth removal and preparation of the area due to gum disease, that were never performed on patients. — Carrie Napoleon, chicagotribune.com, 26 Aug. 2021 Kruz and Paizlee …Bone, or osseous tissue, is connective tissue that includes specialized cells, mineral salts, and collagen fibers. The human skeleton can be divided into long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Compact bone tissue is composed of osteons and forms the external layer of all bones.Keywords: Cervical spine, Radiography, Osseous anatomy, Standard value, Age-related. Introduction. Degenerative changes in the cervical spine become more common with time and may also present as normal aging variations . Cervical degenerative disease is one of the most common neurological disorders that are being increasingly …Olivia Leão BEng (Hons) GMIStructE. Tom Goss founded Goss Structural Ltd. in 2017. Prior to this he had experience working on a wide range of projects for Mott MacDonald and …The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone. Figure 6.3.1 6.3. 1: Anatomy of a Long Bone.A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone. The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.Feb 16, 2024 · Gross Anatomy of Bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (Figure 5.3.1 5.3. 1 ). A long bone has five zones: the diaphysis, two metaphyses, and two epiphyses. The diaphysis is the narrow, tubular shaft that runs between the two bulbous ends of the bone. The two different types of osseous tissue are compact bone tissue (also called hard or cortical bone) tissue and spongy bone tissue (also called cancellous or trabecular bone). Figure 14.4.2 14.4. 2: Bones are more complex on the inside than you would expect from their outer appearance. The osseous structures within the wrist are complex, owing to small, multifaceted morphology and intimate relationships with one another that are held together by an extensive network of intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. 1 Although there are no direct tendinous attachments to the carpal bones themselves (besides the pisiform), 2 there are close anatomic relationships of the osseous structures ... Gross Anatomy of Bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone . A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.Compact bone makes up the dense outer layer of bone. Its functional unit is the osteon. Compact bone is very hard and strong. Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone. This is because spongy bone is porous. Bone marrow is a soft connective tissue that produces blood cells. It is found inside the pores of ...Box CEO Aaron Levie on navigating the never-ending shifts between unit and functional structures for companies. One of the ongoing debates about business organization is whether co...Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body.In the areas of the skeleton where bones move (for example, the ribcage and joints), cartilage, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement.The skeletal system is the body …This painless test uses X-rays to see the structure of your bone. Doctors assign you a T-score based on the results of your scan. A T-score of 0 means your bone density is equal to that of a young ...The visualized osseous structures on chest CT which include the spine, ribs, sternum, scapula, and humerus should be examined on bone window settings (Level 600, Window 3000). Look at each one individually to see if it is fractured or contains a lytic or sclerotic lesion. The bones are reviewed on axial images, and the review is supplemented by ... There are 3 types of bone tissue: Compact tissue. This is the harder, outer tissue of bones. Cancellous tissue. This is the sponge-like tissue inside bones. Subchondral tissue. This is the smooth tissue at the ends of bones, which is covered with another type of tissue called cartilage. Cartilage is a specialized, rubbery connective tissue. Definition of osseous in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of osseous. What does osseous mean? Information and translations of osseous in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Login . The STANDS4 Network. ... bone: of the nature or structure of bone. ...The functions of osseous tissue are to facilitate motion by providing attachment sites for muscles and tendons, provide support and protection for internal structures, organs, and tissues from ...A diagram of the human skeleton showing bone and cartilage. Protection of the heart, lungs, and other organs and structures in the chest creates a problem somewhat different from that of the central …Skeletal structure and function. Skeletons support and protect our bodies. Bugs have exoskeletons outside their bodies, while humans have endoskeletons inside. Our bones are in axial (skull, ribcage, spine) and appendicular (arms, legs) groups. Bone marrow makes blood cells; more specifically, red marrow makes blood and yellow marrow stores fat.Learn about the functions, types, and microanatomy of osseous tissue or bone, a supportive connective tissue that provides movement, support, hematopoiesis, and mineral storage. …osseous tissue: [ tish´u ] a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that together perform certain special functions. adenoid tissue lymphoid tissue . adipose tissue connective tissue made of fat cells in a meshwork of areolar tissue. areolar tissue connective tissue made up largely of interlacing fibers. bony tissue osseous tissue . ...Osseous Metastases. Skeletal metastases are the most common variety of bone tumors, particularly in the elderly patients. Some malignant tumors demonstrate a far greater predilection for osseous involvement than do others. Cancers of the breast, prostate, lung, and kidney account for about 80% of all metastatic lesions to bone.Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body.In the areas of the skeleton where bones move (for example, the ribcage and joints), cartilage, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement.The skeletal system is the body …Nov 21, 2023 · Learn about osseous connective tissue, also known as bone tissue. Study osseous tissue function, see a breakdown of its structure, and find out where it is located. Bones contain and protect your bone marrow. Bone marrow is a soft, fatty tissue that produces critical cells, including: Red blood cells (cells that carry oxygen …Gross Anatomy of Bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.Definition of osseous in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of osseous. What does osseous mean? Information and translations of osseous in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Login . The STANDS4 Network. ... bone: of the nature or structure of bone. ...Answered 1/23/2021. 5.3k views. Thank. Dr. Jeffrey Ramkaransingh answered. Specializes in Interventional Radiology. Bones: Osseous structures refer to bony structures such …A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (Figure 1). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.Brain Structure vs. Environment - In the battle of brain structure vs. environment, we're still no sure who wins. Will Einstein's brain tell us? Learn about brain structure vs. env...Osseous surgical spinal fusion is indicated in clinical settings, where permanent stability is the main target of the surgery for a specific structure or segment. Contraindications Osseous surgical spinal fusion is contraindicated in situations, where permanent fixation or stabilization of a specific segment is not necessary or can be …Gaucher’s disease. alcohol abuse. long-term corticosteroid therapy. embolism. Ongoing bone infections, called osteomyelitis, can also cause benign sclerotic lesions. Osteomyelitis is often ...Bones are often considered static structures that only offer structural support (see Image. Parts of a Long Bone). However, bones have many functions, like other organ systems. Besides serving as a framework for soft tissue, bones permit locomotion, protect vital organs, facilitate breathing, play a role in electrolyte …Feb 24, 2023 · Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the body. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness. Later discussions in this chapter will show that bone is also dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "dice or dominoes; bobbins for lace making; osseous structures collectively forming a skeleton; or, a nickname for a doctor or "pill" (5)", 5 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer …Whenever we go out to eat with my father-in-law’s family, we split the bill in half. Whenever we go out to eat with my father-in-law’s family, we split the bill in half. Over the l...Although the finding of subperiosteal bone resorption on the radial aspect of the index and long finger middle phalanges is pathognomonic for secondary hyperparathyroidism, bone resorption can still occur around joint margins and the SIJ mimicking septic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthropathies …Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue (Figure 5.9) and it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or Haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae (singular = lamella).Dec 18, 2565 BE ... This video contains the following information: - Functions of skeletal system - Classification of bones based on shape - Classification of ...INTRODUCTION. Metastasis of malignant neoplasms to bone is common with metastases being far more prevalent than primary bone malignancies[1,2].Indeed, bone is the third most common organ affected by metastasis, surpassed only by the lungs and liver[2-4], and is the most common site of distant metastasis from primary breast …Segmentation of bone structures and suppressing … The chest X-ray is a widely used medical imaging technique for the diagnosis of several lung diseases. Some nodules or other pathologies present in the lungs are difficult to visualize on chest X-rays because they are obscured byoverlying boneshadows.Gross Anatomy of Bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualisation of all the parts of a bone (Figure 10.3.1). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of …Bone demineralization (BD) is not the same as osteoporosis. Rather, BD is a process that can make the bones susceptible to osteoporosis. BD is a process in which bones lose minerals that are ... osseous: 1 adj composed of or containing bone “ osseous tissue” Synonyms: bony , osteal Apr 8, 2561 BE ... In this video we discuss the structure of bone tissue and the components of bones. We also discuss what are osteons, what are canaliculi, ...The two different types of osseous tissue are compact bone tissue (also called hard or cortical bone) tissue and spongy bone tissue (also called cancellous or trabecular bone). Figure 14.4.2 14.4. 2: Bones are more complex on the inside than you would expect from their outer appearance.Failing to structure your business in the most appropriate way (given your goals) can lead to problems. Learn about business legal structures. Advertisement You are starting a comp...Learn why having high-quality CRM data is critical for your business. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs are your number-one source for education and inspira...Besides providing structure and support for the body, and allowing for mobility, bones also protect various organs, produce blood cells, and store minerals. ...Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body. In the areas of the skeleton where bones move (for example, the ribcage and joints), cartilage, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement.The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone. Figure 5.4.1 5.4. 1: Anatomy of a Long Bone.A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone. The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.Dec 25, 2566 BE ... Internal acousttic meatus and the osseous labyrinth within the temporal bone. The red structure you see in the image above is the osseous ...Osseous abnormality is therefore a medical way of saying an abnormality of bone. It says nothing about the diagnosis, whether it’s serious or if it happened recently or is more chronic. This is more commonly said on X-ray reports but can be used for other medical imaging tests. The radiologist will give a description and diagnosis of the ...These give structure to the body. Bone is a type of tissue, but an actual complete bone is an ... We've got the skin covered, so now let's take a look at bones! These give structure to the body ...May 18, 2021 · 5.3: Bone Structure. Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the body. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness. Later discussions in this chapter will show that bone is also dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses. May 31, 2018 · The visualized osseous structures on chest CT which include the spine, ribs, sternum, scapula, and humerus should be examined on bone window settings (Level 600, Window 3000). Look at each one individually to see if it is fractured or contains a lytic or sclerotic lesion. The bones are reviewed on axial images, and the review is supplemented by ... Nov 26, 2023 · The statement “soft tissues are unremarkable” in medical imaging reports denotes the absence of noticeable issues within these body structures. It serves as a reassuring indication, allowing doctors to focus on other conditions. Keep in mind that while this assessment is a valuable aspect of imaging reports, it’s always important to ... See full list on biologyonline.com Explain how bone forms during development. Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton. It contains specialized cells and a matrix of mineral salts and collagen fibers. The mineral salts primarily include hydroxyapatite, a mineral formed from calcium phosphate. What is osseous structures in lungs? Introduction: Pulmonary ossification (PO) is a rare pathologic finding, defined as a widespread heterotopic bone formation within the lungs. PO occurs in two forms. The first form is the nodular circumscribed type; the second form is the racemose or branching type. Males are more often affected than females. May 21, 2560 BE ... “Osseous structures” is just a fancy way of saying “bones”. · Intact means not broken or in pieces. · In context I assume it means the bones are&n... What is osseous structures in lungs? Introduction: Pulmonary ossification (PO) is a rare pathologic finding, defined as a widespread heterotopic bone formation within the lungs. PO occurs in two forms. The first form is the nodular circumscribed type; the second form is the racemose or branching type. Males are more often affected than females. Bone Structure: Each bone is an organ since many different tissues are found in bones. Tissue types include: bone (osseous), cartilage (developing bone and articular cartilage), blood vessels (with blood, endothelial lining, muscle) nervous. General classifications based on shape: 1. Long bones: much longer than wide.Osseus Structures of LS. Get a hint. What comprises the Anterior Elements of a Lumbar vertebrae? Click the card to flip 👆. -Vertebral body. -Intervertebral Disk. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 79.Bone remodeling. What is osteoporosis? Recent research. FAQs. Summary. Bones form the scaffolding that hold the body together and allow it to move. They also help protect vital organs, store... Gross Anatomy of Bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone (). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body. In the areas of the skeleton where bones move (for example, the ribcage and joints), cartilage, a semi-rigid form of connective tissue, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement.Recognizing sesamoids and accessory ossicles as normal structures is crucial to avoid unnecessary further evaluation. However, sesamoids and accessory ossicles are also potential causes of pain, are susceptible to the same spectrum of pathologic abnormalities that affect other osseous structures, and are sources of ossicle-specific pain syndromes.Home appraisals determine the value of a house when applying for a loan, attempting to purchase or sell property or any time that the homeowner wishes to know his property's worth.... There are 3 types of bone tissue: Compact tissue. This is the harder, outer tissue of bones. Cancellous tissue. This is the sponge-like tissue inside bones. Subchondral tissue. This is the smooth tissue at the ends of bones, which is covered with another type of tissue called cartilage. Cartilage is a specialized, rubbery connective tissue.

The osseous structures within the wrist are complex, owing to small, multifaceted morphology and intimate relationships with one another that are held together by an extensive network of intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. 1 Although there are no direct tendinous attachments to the carpal bones themselves (besides the pisiform), 2 there …. Dover township police activity

Osseous: Having to do with bone, consisting of bone, or resembling bone. About Us Terms of Use Privacy Policy. TRUSTe. ©1996-2024 RxList, Inc. An Internet ...Dec 24, 2564 BE ... ... structures on the adult skulls. Morphometry ... The eustachian tube consists of cartilage, fibrocartilagenous part and osseous part anteriorly ...Introduction. Bone is a mineralized connective tissue that exhibits four types of cells: osteoblasts, bone lining cells, osteocytes, and osteoclasts [ 1, 2 ]. Bone exerts important functions in the body, such as locomotion, support and protection of soft tissues, calcium and phosphate storage, and harboring of bone marrow [ 3, 4 ].Human skeleton. The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. [1] The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight (ca. 10–11 kg for an average person) and ...The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, and other connective tissues that provide support and structure to the body.The primary functions of the skeletal system are to protect internal organs, provide support for the body, allow for movement, produce blood cells, and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.. Bones are living tissues that …Bones: Visualized osseous structures are unremarkable. Impression. In this section, the radiologist summarizes the findings and reports the most important findings that they see and possible causes for those findings. It also has recommendations for any follow-up actions. This section offers the most important information for decision-making.The skeleton is the framework that provides structure to the rest of the body and facilitates movement. Page 5. When you look at the human skeleton the 206 ...Long bones are longer than they are wide and have a shaft and two ends. The diaphysis, or central shaft, contains bone marrow in a medullary (marrow) cavity.The rounded ends, the epiphyses, are covered with articular cartilage and are filled with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells (Figure 38.17).Most of the limb bones are long bones—for example, …Bone, or osseous tissue, is connective tissue that includes specialized cells, mineral salts, and collagen fibers. The human skeleton can be divided into long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Compact bone tissue is composed of osteons and forms the external layer of all bones.Bone tissue (osseous tissue), which is also called bone in the uncountable sense of that word, is hard tissue, a type of specialised connective tissue. It has a honeycomb -like …3 steps to dermal ossification. 1. mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts and start ossification; bone expands as series of spicules that spread into surrounding tissue. 2. spicules trap blood vessels as they interconnect. 3. over time assumes spongy bone structure. can then be converted to compact bone.Olivia Leão BEng (Hons) GMIStructE. Tom Goss founded Goss Structural Ltd. in 2017. Prior to this he had experience working on a wide range of projects for Mott MacDonald and …Textus osseous compactus. 1/7. Synonyms: Cortical bone, Substantia compacta. The strength, shape and stability of the human body are dependent on the musculoskeletal system. The most robust aspect of this unit is the underlying bony architecture. Bone is a modified form of connective tissue which is made of extracellular matrix, cells and fibers.Skeletal muscle - Mineralization in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study. Multiple deposits of deeply basophilic mineral are present in damaged muscle fibers. Mineralization is histologically characterized by the presence of deeply basophilic fine to coarse granular deposits that stain positively with histochemical stains for calcium. Gross Anatomy of Bone. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone ( Figure 6.7 ). A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. These are (1) the axial, comprising the vertebral column —the spine—and much of the skull, and (2) the appendicular, to which the pelvic (hip) and pectoral (shoulder) girdles and the bones and cartilages of the …Malignant bone disease. There may be evidence of metastatic bone disease on a chest X-ray. This may manifest as a single bone metastasis, or as a diffuse abnormality representing widespread metastases. Bones may become denser (whiter) due to a sclerotic process (often seen in prostate cancer), or less dense (blacker) due to a lytic process (as ...Dec 25, 2566 BE ... Internal acousttic meatus and the osseous labyrinth within the temporal bone. The red structure you see in the image above is the osseous ....

Popular Topics